Detection of bioactive compounds in methanol Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extracts capable of reducing rice bacterial leaf blight
,
,
and
*
Article Sidebar
Full Text: 
PDF
Main Article Content
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae severely damages rice production, particularly under climate change conditions. This study detected bioactive compounds from leaf extracts of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers. and tested their disease-reducing effects against BLB. Methanol leaf extracts of K. pinnata were prepared by liquid-liquid extraction combined with ultrasonication. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, 27 compounds were identified in the extracts. Based on their abundances and reported involvements in plant defense responses against pathogens, three compounds were selected for further tests, i.e., 5-oxotetrahydrofuran-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, dimethyl ester; ethyl linolenate and 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester. To have adequate amounts of these compounds for subsequent bioassays under net house conditions, their commercially available analogs were employed, i.e., dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (FDME), water-soluble linoleic acid (LinA) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). Rice seeds were soaked in six different concentrations of each compound (3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ppm) for 24 h before sowing. Seed soaking with either FDME or DEHP significantly reduced BLB lesion lengths after pathogen inoculation. The effects of FDME were maintained until 21 DAI. Moreover, seed soaking using a mixture of FDME and DEHP provided similar protection as that of the chemical control using Starner 20WP.
Article Details
Conflict of Interest
© 2026 The authors. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Abdul, H. N. W., & Nadarajah, K. (2022). Microbe related chemical signalling and its application in agriculture. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(16), 8998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23168998
Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., Mohamed, A., Sahena, F., & Omar, A. K. (2013). Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 117(4), 426-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014
Blee, E. (2002). Impact of phyto-oxylipins in plant defense. Trends in Plant Science, 7(7), 315-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02290-2
Bolton, M. D. (2009). Primary metabolism and plant defense-fuel for the fire. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 22(5), 487-497. https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-22-5-0487
Carta, G., Murru, E., Banni, S., & Manca, C. (2017). Palmitic acid: physiological role, metabolism and nutritional implications. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 902. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00902
Duy, N. T. B., Xa, T. V., & Khoa, N. D. (2024). Investigation of induced resistance against rice bacterial leaf blight of methanol Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extracts using foliar spraying. Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 16,18-28.
El-Ramady, H., Hajdu, P., Toros, G., Badgar, K., Llanaj, X., Kiss, A., & Prokisch, J. (2022). Plant nutrition for human health: a pictorial review on plant bioactive compounds for sustainable agriculture. Sustainability, 14(14), 8329. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148329
Huong, N. T. T., Hao, L. T., & Khoa, N. D. (2018). Effects of foliar spraying of Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extract on rice bacterial leaf blight involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and polyphenol oxidase activities in induced resistance. Can Tho University Journal of Science, 54(7), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jvn.2018.136
Kagale, S., Marimuthu, T., Thayumanavan, B., Nandakumar, R., & Samiyappan, R. (2004). Antimicrobial activity and induction of systemic resistance in rice by leaf extract of Datura metel against Rhizoctonia solani and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 65(2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.11.008
Kauffman, H. E., Reddy, A. P. K., Hsieh, S. P. V., & Merca, S. D. (1973). An improved technique for evaluating resistance of rice varieties to Xanthomonas oryzae. Plant Disease Reporter, 57, 537-541.
Khoa, N. D., Xa, T. V., & Hao, L. T. (2017). Disease-reducing effects of aqueous leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata on rice bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae involve induced resistance. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 100, 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2017.06.005
Khwanngam, P., Tumariya, L., Chintaganon, T., Thongkham, D., Watcharachaiyakup, J., & Patarapuwadol, S. (2024). Physiological race profile of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolated from the rice ecosystem in Chiang Rai Province. Thai Agricultural Research Journal, 42(1), 24-36.
Kumar, A., Kumar, R., Sengupta, D., Das, S. N., Pandey, M. K., & Bohra, A. (2020). Deployment of genetic and genomic tools toward gaining a better understanding of rice Xanthomonasoryzae pv. oryzae interactions for development of durable bacterial blight resistant rice. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.01152
Manzoor, S., Nabi, S. U., Rather, T. R., Gani, G., Mir, Z. A., Wani, A. W., & Manzar, N. (2024). Advancing crop disease resistance through genome editing: a promising approach for enhancing agricultural production. Frontiers in genome editing, 6, 1399051. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgeed.2024.1399051
Mauch-Mani, B., Baccelli, I., Luna, E., & Flors, V. (2017). Defense priming: an adaptive part of induced resistance. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 68, 485-512. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041132
Mejia-Mendez, J. L., Bach, H., Lorenzo-Leal, A. C., Navarro-Lopez, D. E., Lopez-Mena, E. R., Hernandez, L. R., & Sanchez-Arreola, E. (2023). Biological Activities and Chemical Profiles of Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi Extracts. Plants, 12(10), 1943. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12101943
Mierziak, J., Kostyn, K., & Kulma, A. (2014). Flavonoids as important molecules of plant interactions with the environment. Molecules, 19(10), 16240-16265. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191016240
Noda, T., Yamamoto, T., Ogawa, T., & Kaku, H. (1996). Pathogenic Races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in South and East Asia. Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, 3, 9-15.
Oliva, R., Ji, C., Atienza-Grande, G., Huguet-Tapia, J. C., Perez-Quintero, A., Li, T., & Yang, B. (2019). Broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight in rice using genome editing. Nature biotechnology, 37(11), 1344-1350. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0267-z
Phatak, R. S. (2015). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of Kalanchoe pinnata fresh leaves. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7(3), 34-37.
Pieterse, C. M., Van der Does, D., Zamioudis, C., Leon-Reyes, A., & Van Wees, S. C. (2012). Hormonal modulation of plant immunity. Annual review of cell and developmental biology, 28(1), 489-521. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154055
Quibod, I. L., Perez-Quintero, A., Booher, N. J., Dossa, G., Grande, G., Szurek, B., Vera Cruz, C., Bogdanove, A. J., & Oliva, R. (2016). Effector diversification contributes to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae phenotypic adaptation in a semi-isolated environment. Scientific Reports, 6, 36480. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34137
Solekha, R., Susanto, F. A., Joko, T., Nuringtyas,T. R., & Purwestri, Y. A. (2020). Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) contributes to the resistance of black rice against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Journal of Plant Pathology, 102(2), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-019-00426-z
Syed-Ab-Rahman, S. F., Carvalhais, L. C., & Omar, D. (2020). Development of plant-based emulsion formulations to control bacterial leaf blight and sheath brown rot of rice. Heliyon, 6(1), e03151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03151
Xa, T. V. (2024). Bioactive compounds in extracts of indigenous plants in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam induce rice resistance against bacterial leaf blight (Doctoral dissertation). Can Tho University.
Tuan, T. Q., Hao, L. T., & Khoa, N. D. (2018). Population diversity of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing bacterial leaf blight in rice fields of Can Tho. Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology, 15(4), 753-761.
Van Dongen, J. T., Gupta, K. J., Ramirez-Aguilar, S. J., Araújo, W. L., Nunes-Nesi, A., & Fernie, A. R. (2011). Regulation of respiration in plants: a role for alternative metabolic pathways. Journal of Plant Physiology, 168(12), 1434-1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2010.11.004
van Loon, L. C., Rep M. & Pieterse, C. M. J. (2006). Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 44, 135-162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143425
Walters, D. R., Newton, A. C., & Lyon, G. D. (Eds.). (2014). Induced resistance for plant defense: a sustainable approach to crop protection. John Wiley & Sons.
Walters, D. R., Ratsep, J., & Havis, N. D. (2013). Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: challenges for the future. Journal of experimental botany, 64(5), 1263-1280. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert026
Xa, T. V., Thoa, T. K., Do, N. D., & Khoa, N. D. (2023a). Seed soaking using methanol Kalanchoe pinnata leaf extracts induces rice resistance against bacterial leaf blight. International Journal of Plant Biology, 14(4), 1155-1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb14040084
Xa, T. V., Thoa, T. K., Thu, T .T. A. & Khoa, N. D. (2023b). Effects of seed soaking and foliar spraying of Kalanchoe pinnata aqueous leaf extracts against rice bacterial leaf blight. Can Tho University Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 15(3), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.22144/ctujoisd.2023.047
Yu, C., Wang, N., Wu, M., Tian, F., Chen, H., Yang, F., & He, C. (2016). OxyR-regulated catalase CatB promotes the virulence in rice via detoxifying hydrogen peroxide in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. BMC Microbiology, 16, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-016-0887-0
Zhang, K., Medina-Puche, L., Zhang, X., & Li, Z. (Eds.). (2024). Advances in molecular plant pathology, plant abiotic and biotic stress. Frontiers Media SA.