Huynh Thi Thuy An * and Ly Thi Lien Khai

* Corresponding author (httan@nomail.com)

Main Article Content

Abstract

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from pigs and farm environments in Vinh Long province from June 2017 to December 2017. Salmonella was isolated from 240 fecal samples and 640 environmental samples (feed, water, barn floor and wastewater) at household and pig farms. There were 76/880 (8.64%) positive samples with Salmonella. Among them, Salmonella was detected from 35/240 fecal samples (14.58%) which was higher than that from 41/640 environmental samples (6.40%). The prevalence of Salmonella in healthy pigs was (8.88%) lower than that of diarrheic pigs (61.54%). The Salmonella positive isolation rate from pigs in household farms was 20.20% (62/307) higher than that of pigs in commercial farms with 2.44% (14/573). Salmonella positive rate was increased by age; the highest rate was in sow with 37.50% (12/32 samples), following by growing pigs 12.16% (18/148 samples) then post weaning pigs 10.34% (3/29 samples), and lowest rate was in suckling pigs 6.45% (2/31 samples). Salmonella isolation from pigs and environments were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (64.47%), chloramphenicol (52.63%) and ampicillin 46.05%). The multidrug-resistant phenotypes (resisting against 2-7 antibiotics) were observed from 55/76 Salmonella isolates, such as Bt - Cl, Am – Bt – Ac and Am – Bt – Cl were the most frequent phenotypes. Besides, these strains were highly sensitive to ceftazidime (100%), levofloxacin (100%), colistin (96.86%), amikacin (97.37%), cefuroxime (97.37%), ofloxacin (96.05%), doxycycline (93.42%), gentamicin (92.11), streptomycin (89.47%), and following to tetracycline (75.00%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (75%) and ampicillin (53.95%).
Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, environmental farm, pig, prevalence, Salmonella, Vinh Long

Article Details

References

Aarestrup, F.M., Oliver, D.C., and Burch, D.G., 2008. Antimicrobial resistance in swine production. Animal Health Research Reviews, 9(2): 135-148.

Ahmer, B.M., and Gunn, J.S., 2011. Interaction of Salmonella spp. with the intestinal microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2: 1-9.

Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C., and Turck, M., 1966. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 45(4_ts): 493 – 496.

Barber, D.A., Bahnson, P.B., Isaacson, R., Jones, C.J., and Weigel, R.M., 2002. Distribution of Salmonella in swine production ecosystems. Journal of Food Protection, 65(12): 1861-1868.

Barrow, G.I. and Feltham, R.K., 2003. Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the identification of Medical bacteria, 3rd Edition. Cambridge University Press. England, 331 pages.

Brooks, J.P., Adeli, A., and McLaughlin, M.R., 2014. Microbial ecology, bacterial pathogens, and antibiotic resistant genes in swine manure wastewater as influenced by three swine management systems. Water research, 57: 96-103.

Carlson, S.A., Barnhill, A.E., Griffith, R.W., 2012. Salmonellosis. In: Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Kent, A.R., Schwartz, J., Stevenson, G.W. (Eds.). Diseases of Swine, 10th edition. IOWA State University Press. USA, pp. 3013-3058.

CLSI, Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute, 2016. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing 26th edition. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, M100S, Wayne, PA, USA, 256 pages.

De Jong, A., Smet, A., Ludwig, C., Stephan, B., De Graef, E., Vanrobaeys, M., and Haesebrouck, F., 2014. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from healthy pigs and chickens (2008–2011). Veterinary microbiology, 171 (3-4): 298-306.

Funk, J., and Gebreyes, W.A., 2004. Risk factors associated with Salmonella prevalence on swine farms. Journal of Swine Health and Production. 12(5): 246-251.

Garcia-Migura, L., Hendriksen, R.S., Fraile, L., Aarestrup, F.M., 2014. Antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic and commensal bacteria in Europe: the missing link between consumption and resistance in veterinary medicine. Veterinary Microbiology, 170: 1–9.

Gyles, C.L., Prescott, J.F., and Thoen, C.O., 2010. Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals, 4th Edition. Iowa State University Press. USA, 623 pages.

Hanes, D., 2003. Nontyphoid Salmonella. In: Miliotis, M.D., Bier, J.W. (Eds.). International Handbook of Foodborne Pathogens (Food Science and Technology). CRC Press. USA, pp. 145-158.

Huong, L.Q., Forslund, A., Madsen, H., and Dalsgaard, A., 2014. Survival of Salmonella spp. and fecal indicator bacteria in Vietnamese biogas digesters receiving pig slurry. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 217(7): 785-795.

Jiu, Y., Zhu, S., Khan, S.B., Sun, M., Zou, G., Meng, X., and Li, S., 2017. Phenotypic and genotypic resistance of Salmonella isolates from healthy and diseased pigs in China during 2008–2015. Microbial Drug Resistance, 23(5): 651-659.

Keelara, S., Scott, H.M., Morrow, W.M., et al., 2013. Longitudinal study of distributions of similar antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella serovars in pigs and their environment in two distinct swine production systems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 79(17): 5167-5178.

Lettini, A.A., Vo, T.T., Marafin, E., et al., 2016. Distribution of Salmonella serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility from poultry and swine farms in Central Vietnam. Zoonoses and Public Health, 63(7): 569-576.

Lim, S.K., Byun, J.R., Nam, H.M., Lee, H.S., and Jung, S.C., 2011. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella spp. isolated from pigs and their farm environment in Korea. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 21(1): 50-54.

Lynch, H., Walia, K., Leonard, F.C., et al., 2018. Salmonella in breeding pigs: Shedding pattern, transmission of infection and the role of environmental contamination in Irish commercial farrow to finish herds. Zoonoses and Public health, 65(1): 196-206.

Lwanga, S.K. and Lemeshow, S., 1991. Sample size determination in Health Studies: A practical manual. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization 80 pages.

Macgowan, A., and Macnaughton, E., 2017. Antibiotic resistance. Medicine. 45(10): 622-628.

Ministry of Science and Technology, 2016. National standards of Vietnam 4829:2005, dated on February 17, 2006.

Molla, B., Sterman, A., Mathews, J., et al., 2010. Salmonella enterica in commercial swine feed and subsequent isolation of phenotypically and genotypically related strains from fecal samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 76(21): 7188-7193.

National standards of Vietnam 4829:2005 (ISO 6579:2002): Microbiology of food and animal feeding sfuffs - Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. Accessed on June 05, 2018. Available from https://vanbanphapluat.co/tcvn-4829-2005-vi-sinh-vat-trong-thuc-pham-va-thuc-an-chan-nuoi (in Vietnamese).

O’Brien, T.F., 2002. Emergence, spread, and environmental effect of antimicrobial resistance: how use of an antimicrobial anywhere can increase resistance to any antimicrobial anywhere else. Clinical Infected Diseases, 34: 78–84.Partridge, S.R., 2010. Analysis of antibiotic resistance regions in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiology, 5: 820–855.

Pham Thi Ngoc, Nguyen Tien Thanh, Tran Thi Hanh, Nguyen Viet Hung. 2013. Prevalence of Salmonella in pigs in some farms and slaughterhouses in Northern Vietnam. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13(4): 59-66 (in Vietnamese).

Pires, A.F.A., Funk, J.A., and Bolin, C.A., 2013. Longitudinal study of Salmonella shedding in naturally infected finishing pigs. Epidemiology and Infection, 141: 1928 – 1936.

Pires, A.F.A., Funk, J.A., and Bolin, C., 2014. Risk factors associated with persistence of Salmonella shedding in finishing pigs. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 116(1-2): 120-128.

Rasschaert, G., Michiels, J., Arijs, D., Wildemauwe, C., De Smet, S., and Heyndrickx, M., 2012. Effect of farm type on within-herd Salmonella prevalence, serovar distribution, and antimicrobial resistance. Journal of Food Protection. 75(5): 859-866.

Scallan, E., Hoekstra, R.M., Angulo, F.J., et al., 2011. Foodbome illness acquired in the United States: major pathogens. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17: 7-15.

Tadee, P., Kumpapong, K., Sinthuya, D., et al., 2014. Distribution, quantitative load and characterization of Salmonella associated with swine farms in upper-northern Thailand. Journal of Veterinary Science, 15(2): 327-334.

Tamang, M.D., Gurung, M., Nam, H.M., et al., 2015. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella in pigs from conventional and organic farms and first report of S. serovar 1, 4, [5], 12: i:- from Korea. Veterinary Microbiology, 178(1-2): 119-124.

Tran, T.P., Ly, T.L.K., Nguyen, T.T., et al., 2004. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pigs, chickens and ducks in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 66(8): 1011-1014.

Tu, L.T.P., Hoang, N.V.M., Cuong, N.V., et al., 2015. High levels of contamination and antimicrobial-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars on pig and poultry farms in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. Epidemiology and Infection, 143(14): 3074-3086.